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- `I WORLD, Page 59CAMBODIAHurdles to Peace
-
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- Hopes for a settlement may be on the rise, but the war will end
- once and for all only if at least six tricky issues can be
- resolved
-
- By STANLEY W. CLOUD -- With reporting by William Stewart/Hong
- Kong
-
-
- After a week-long diplomatic gavotte over protocol,
- representatives of the four factions in Cambodia's civil war
- were all present in Jakarta last weekend. On hand were Prime
- Minister Hun Sen and leaders of two of the three guerrilla
- armies fighting to overthrow him: Son Sann and Khieu Samphan
- of the infamous Khmer Rouge. The third, Prince Norodom
- Sihanouk, pleaded a last-minute illness and sent a stand-in.
-
- The gathering was to consider a maddeningly complex peace
- proposal put forth last month by the five permanent members of
- the U.N. Security Council that requires approval by all the
- Cambodian "parties" before it can go into effect. The main item
- on the Jakarta agenda was the plan's call for creation of a
- Supreme National Council intended to symbolize Cambodian
- nationhood during a long transition to peace.
-
- To some, the prospects for ending the war seem brighter than
- they have in a long time. Not only were the Cambodian parties
- due to begin talking again in Jakarta, but Secretary of State
- James Baker disclosed that the U.S. had agreed to engage in
- direct diplomatic contact with representatives of the Hun Sen
- government. Still, many observers remain pessimistic. "An
- international agreement on Cambodia does not equal an internal
- agreement," said Shafiq Fit Abdullah of the Institute of
- Strategic International Affairs in Kuala Lumpur. To get that,
- at least six steps -- each problematic at best -- must be taken
- before the U.N. plan can succeed:
-
- 1. A Supreme National Council must be created. The body
- would have only an advisory role, but Hun Sen argues, not
- unreasonably, that the tripartite rebel coalition should have
- one vote instead of the three it seeks. It is by no means
- certain that the current peace offensive will pass even this
- initial hurdle.
-
- 2. All parties must accept a so-called interim U.N.-run
- administration, pending elections for a new government. The
- rebel factions have indicated their support for this, and small
- wonder. The proposal would achieve their main goal -- removal
- of Hun Sen's government -- at least until elections were held,
- and would replace his regime with an outside government that
- would be virtually powerless to punish cease-fire violations.
- Moreover, U.N. bureaucrats could serve as yet another foreign
- enemy against which the xenophobic Khmer Rouge could rally
- popular opinion. Hun Sen has predictably refused to dismantle
- his government, which was installed by the Vietnamese army in
- 1979 to replace the genocidal Khmer Rouge.
-
- For their part, the Khmer Rouge and the other factions may
- agree to elections as a tactical matter. But none of them have
- ever participated in a fair election, and the Khmer Rouge, at
- least, could never dream of winning one. For them, power can
- come only from the barrel of a gun.
-
- 3. Foreign patrons must pressure their Cambodian clients.
- This may be the U.N. plan's best hope. Optimists believe Moscow
- will lean on Hun Sen, and Beijing on the Khmer Rouge -- even
- to the point of cutting off military aid. Severe economic
- problems and the end of the cold war suggest that the optimists
- may be right about Soviet intentions. But despite China's
- agreement to the basic plan and certain vague "signals," it is
- by no means clear that Beijing would pressure the Khmer Rouge
- to capitulate. If it does not, more war is likely; if it does,
- the Khmer Rouge, realizing that some other Asian countries feel
- as strongly as China about ousting the pro-Vietnamese government
- in Phnom Penh, could try to continue the war.
-
- 4. The proposed cease-fire must last long enough for the
- U.N.-supervised government to unpack its bags and organize
- elections. In Indochina few cease-fires have lasted long enough
- for the guns to cool. The U.N. plan calls for the four armies
- to be corralled into "cantonment areas," where their weapons
- would be stored under "U.N. supervision." Experience with the
- North Vietnamese and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War and with
- the Khmer Rouge over the past 20 years suggests that this is
- a pipe dream. There are reports that the Khmer Rouge is already
- developing jungle caches of weapons and personnel in
- anticipation of a possible cease-fire.
-
- 5. A new government must be elected, and the defeated
- parties must agree to form a loyal opposition. In the 36-year
- history of modern Cambodia, no government has ever been chosen
- in a fair, contested election. Nor is there a democratic ideal
- to which Cambodians might cling. Instead, the great national
- myth is Angkor Wat and the all-powerful god-kings who ruled a
- millennium ago. Does this mean Cambodia can never have fair
- elections? No. Does it mean they are unlikely anytime soon?
- Yes.
-
- 6. Sihanouk must finally make up his mind. If there is one
- man around whom a new government might be built, it is
- Sihanouk. Now the various factions simply use him, or his name,
- at their pleasure. Last June the Prince joined Hun Sen in a
- call for a Supreme National Council along the lines Hun Sen
- prefers. But it is unclear whether this was really a split with
- his Khmer Rouge allies or a ploy aimed at persuading an
- increasingly shaky U.S. Congress to continue providing nonlethal
- aid to the noncommunist members of the rebel coalition.
- Sihanouk is as hard to pin down as a ball of mercury. If he
- began to lead again, he might make a difference. But he's 67
- years old. The world will soon pass him by, if it has not
- already. The odds are that he will let it pass.
-
- The Bush Administration and its bipartisan supporters in
- Congress believe the civil war will be brought to an end only
- through a "comprehensive" settlement that includes removal of
- the nominally communist Hun Sen government. Others, like former
- Secretary of State Edmund Muskie and Democratic Senator Robert
- Kerrey, think the war could end through regular
- government-to-government contact between Washington and Phnom
- Penh and the lifting of the U.S.-led economic boycott of
- Cambodia. The former vision may be grander; the latter has a
- far better chance of success.
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